Yunnan - Wikipedia. Not to be confused with Yunan.
Yunnan is a province of the People's Republic of China, located in the far southwest of the country. It spans approximately 3. The capital of the province is Kunming, formerly also known as Yunnan. The province borders Vietnam, Laos, and Burma. Yunnan is situated in a mountainous area, with high elevations in the northwest and low elevations in the southeast. Most of the population lives in the eastern part of the province.
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In the west, the altitude can vary from the mountain peaks to river valleys as much as 3,0. Yunnan is rich in natural resources and has the largest diversity of plant life in China. Of the approximately 3. China, Yunnan has perhaps 1. It became the seat of a Sino- Tibetan- speaking kingdom of Nanzhao in the 8th century CE. Nanzhao was multi- ethnic, but the elite most- likely spoke a northern dialect of Yi. The Mongols conquered the region in the 1.
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As with other parts of China's southwest, Japanese occupation in the north during World War II forced a migration of majority Han people into the region. Ethnic minorities in Yunnan account for about 3.
Major ethnic groups include Yi, Bai, Hani, Zhuang, Dai and Miao. History. By the Neolithic period, there were human settlements in the area of Lake Dian. These people used stone tools and constructed simple wooden structures. Nanzhao period. The Chu general Zhuang Qiao (. Commanderies and counties were established in Yunnan. An existing road in Sichuan . He dispatched a series of military campaigns against the Dian during the southward expansion of the Han Dynasty.
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In 1. 09 BC, Emperor Wu sent General Guo Chang (. The commandery seat was at Dianchi county in present- day Jinning. Another county was called . To expand the burgeoning trade with Burma and India, Emperor Wu also sent Tang Meng (zh) to maintain and expand the Five Foot Way, renaming it . By this time, agricultural technology in Yunnan had improved markedly. The local people used bronze tools, plows and kept a variety of livestock, including cattle, horses, sheep, goats, pigs and dogs. Anthropologists have determined that these people were related to the people now known as the Tai.
They lived in tribal congregations, sometimes led by exiled Chinese. During the Three Kingdoms, the territory of present- day Yunnan, western Guizhou and southern Sichuan was collectively called Nanzhong. The dissolution of Chinese central authority led to increased autonomy for Yunnan and more power for the local tribal structures. In AD 2. 25, the famed statesman Zhuge Liang led three columns into Yunnan to pacify the tribes.
His seven captures of Meng Huo, a local magnate, is much celebrated in Chinese folklore. International trade flowed by din of Yunnan. In the 3. 20s, the Cuan (. Henceforth the Cuan clan ruled eastern Yunnan for over four hundred years. Before the rise and dominance of the Nanzhao Kingdom around Yunnan in the eighth century, many local tribes, clans, and other groups sprang up.
Around Lake Erhai, namely, the Dali area, there emerged six zhao: Mengxi(. In 7. 38, the western Yunnan was united by Piluoge, the fourth king of Nanzhao, who was confirmed by the imperial court of the Tang Dynasty as king of Yunnan. Ruling from Dali, the thirteen kings of Nanzhao ruled over more than two centuries and played a part in the dynamic relationship between China and Tibet. By the 7. 50s, Nanzhao had taken eastern Yunnan into its empire and had become a potential rival to Tang China.
The following period inevitably saw conflicts between Tang China and Nanzhao. In 7. 50, Nanzhao attacked and captured Yaozhou, the largest Tang settlement in Yunnan. In 7. 51, Xianyu Zhongtong (. Geluofeng regarded the previous incident as personal and wrote to Xianyu to seek peace. Howerver, Xianyu Zhongtong detained the Nanzhao envoys and turned down the appeal.
Confronted with Tang armies, Nanzhao immediately turned its allegiance to Tubo. The Tubo and Nanzhao agreed to be . In 7. 53, another expedition was prepared, but thiswas also defeated by Nanzhao.
In 7. 54, the Tang organized an army of more than 1. Dali plain, resulting in only another slaughter. By the end of the eighth century, Tang was no longer a major threat to Nanzhao. Nanzhao's expansion lasted for several decades.
In 8. 29, Nanzhao suddenly plundered Sichuan and entered Chengdu. When it retreated, hundreds of Sichuan people, including skilled artisans, were taken to Yunnan.
In 8. 32, the Nanzhao army captured the capital of the Pyu kingdom in modern upper Burma. Nanzhao also attacked the Khmer peoples of Zhenla.
Generally speaking, Nanzhao was then the most powerful kingdom in mainland Southeast Asia, and played an extremely active role in multistate interactions. In 8. 59, Nanzhao captured Bozhou, and this event exacerbated the Nanzhao- Tang clashes. When the Tang governor of Annam took Bozhou back in the following year, Nanzhao, with the help of native peoples, occupied Hanoi as the Tang army moved to Bozhou. When the Tang forces returned, Nanzhao troops retreated from Hanoi but attacked and plundered Yongzhou. In the winter of 8. Nanzhao, allying with local groups, led an army of over 5. Annam again. It is reported that the Tang forces lost over 1.
Nanzhao) in the two Annam battles. The autumn of 8. 66 saw Tang victory in Hanoi and soon all of the Nanzhao forces were driven away. But Tang China had lost its ability to attack Nanzhao. While Nanzhao was being defeated in Annam, it still occasionally attacked Sichuan. In 8. 74, Nanzhao attacked Sichuan again. In 9. 02, Zheng Maisi, the qingpingguan (. Nanzhao, a once- powerful empire, disappeared.
Nanzhao period. The kingdom was conquered by the Mongol Empire in 1. Dali King Duan Xingzhi defected to the Mongols. The Duans incorporated into the Mongol dominion as Maharajahs of the new province. The Mongolian prince sent to administer the region with them was killed. In 1. 27. 3, Kublai Khan reformed the province and appointed the Semuren.
Sayid Ajall as its governor. But with the fall of the Yuan Dynasty in 1. Ming Dynasty destroyed the Yuan loyalists led by Basalawarmi in the Ming conquest of Yunnan by the early 1. Under the Qing dynasty a war with Burma also occurred in the 1.
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It assumed strategic significance, particularly as the Burma Road from Lashio, in Burma to Kunming was a fought over supply line of vital importance to China's war effort. But as the Japanese forces were gaining more territory they eventually bombed Changsha in February 1. The 8. 00 faculty and students who were left had to flee and made the 1,0. Kunming, capital of Yunnan in China's mountainous southwest. It was here that the National Southwest Associated University (commonly known as 'Lianda University') was established. In these extraordinary wartime circumstances for eight years, staff, professors and students had to survive and operate in makeshift quarters that were subject to sporadic bombing campaigns by the Japanese. There were dire shortages of food, equipment, books, clothing and other essential needs, but they managed to conduct the running of a modern university.
Over those eight years of war (1. Lianda became famous nationwide for having and producing many, if not most, of China's most prominent academics, scholars, scientists and intellectuals. Both of China's only Nobel laureates in physics studied at Lianda in Kunming. Naturalists. The book, Camps and Trails in China, records their experiences. Other notable explorers include Heinrich Handel- Mazzetti; George Forrest; Joseph Francis Charles Rock, who from 1.
The province has an area of 3. The northern part of the province forms part of the Yunnan.
The province borders Guangxi and Guizhou in the east, Sichuan in the north, and the Tibet Autonomous Region in the northwest. It shares a border of 4,0. Burma in the west, Laos in the south and Vietnam in the southeast.
For practical purposes, all of Yunnan province falls within the Zomia (region) of Asia. Geology. The eastern part of the province is a limestoneplateau with karst topography and unnavigable rivers flowing through deep mountain gorges. The main surface formations of the plateau are the Lower Permian Maokou Formation, characterized by thick limestone deposits, the Lower Permian Qixia Formation, characterised by dolomitic limestones and dolostones, the Upper Permianbasalts of the Ermeishan Formation (formerly Omeishan plateau basalts), and the red sandstones, mudstones, siltstones, and conglomerates of the Mesozoic. In this area is the noted Stone Forest or Shilin, eroded vertical pinnacles of limestone (Maokou Formation). In the eastern part the rivers generally run eastwards. The western half is characterized by mountain ranges and rivers running north and south.
See Agriculture in Yunnan. Average annual rainfall ranges from 6. June and August. The plateau region has moderate temperatures. The western canyon region is hot and humid at the valley bottoms, but there are freezing winds at the mountaintops. Topography. A series of high mountain chains spreads across the province. There is a distinct canyon region to the west and a plateau region to the east.
Yunnan's major rivers flow through the deep valleys between the mountains. The average elevation is 1,9. The mountains are highest in the north where they reach more than 5,0.
The highest point in the north is the Kawagebo Peak in Deqin County on the Diqing Plateau, which is about 6,7. Red River Valley in Hekou County, near the Vietnamese border, with an elevation of 7.
The eastern half of the province is a limestone plateau with karst scenery and unnavigable rivers flowing through deep mountain gorges; the western half is characterised by mountain ranges and rivers running north and south. These include the Nujiang (Thai: Salween) and the Lancangjiang (Thai: Mekong).