Islam - Wikipedia. Islam (. It is the world's second- largest religion. Originating in Mecca, it quickly spread in the Arabian Peninsula and by the 8th century the Islamic empire was extended from Iberia in the west to the Indus River in the east.
The Islamic Golden Age refers to the period traditionally dated from the 8th century to the 1. Islamic world was experiencing a scientific, economic and cultural flourishing. Converts and immigrant communities are found in almost every part of the world. Etymology and meaning. Islam is a verbal noun originating from the triliteral roots- l- m which forms a large class of words mostly relating to concepts of wholeness, submission, safeness and peace. Muslim, the word for an adherent of Islam, is the active participle of the same verb form, and means .
Believers demonstrate submission to God by serving God, following his commands, and rejecting polytheism. The word sometimes has distinct connotations in its various occurrences in the Quran. In some verses, there is stress on the quality of Islam as an internal conviction: . As contact between Islamic and non- Islamic societies increased, this term came to be regarded as pejorative, sometimes to the level of being a slur, and has therefore fallen out of polite use, especially since the 1. The term is sometimes said to be offensive or insulting because it suggests that a human being is central to Muslims' religion, and/or because it parallels the formation of Christianity, and thus supposedly equates Muhammad and Jesus Christ.
Some authors, however, continue to use the term Muhammadanism as a technical term for the religious system (of Islam) as opposed to the theological concept of . God is described in chapter 1. Quran as. In Islam, God is beyond all comprehension and Muslims are not expected to visualize God. The Arabic word for angel (Arabic: . According to the Quran, angels do not possess free will, and therefore worship and obey God in total obedience. Angels' duties include communicating revelations from God, glorifying God, recording every person's actions, and taking a person's soul at the time of death.
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Muslims believe that angels are made of light. They are described as . Muslims believe that parts of the previously revealed scriptures, the Tawrat (Torah) and the Injil (Gospels), had become distorted. The chronologically earlier suras, revealed at Mecca, are primarily concerned with ethical and spiritual topics.
The later Medinan suras mostly discuss social and moral issues relevant to the Muslim community. The science of Quranic commentary and exegesis is known as tafsir. According to the Quran, the prophets were instructed by God to bring the . Muslims believe that prophets are human and not divine, though some are able to perform miracles to prove their claim. Islamic theology says that all of God's messengers preached the message of Islam.
From its foundation in 1768 the Royal Academy of Arts has provided a voice for art and artists. We are an independent charity led by eminent artists and architects—the Royal Academicians—and we pursue our mission through exhibitions, education and debate. More ways to shop: Visit an Apple Store, call 1-800-MY-APPLE, or find a reseller. Fermilab is America's premier particle physics laboratory. Collaborating with scientists from around the world, we perform pioneering research, operate world-leading particle accelerators and experiments, and develop technologies for science in support of U.S. Islam is a verbal noun originating from the triliteral root s-l-m which forms a large class of words mostly relating to concepts of wholeness, submission, safeness and peace. In a religious context it means 'voluntary submission to God'.
The Quran mentions the names of numerous figures considered prophets in Islam, including Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses and Jesus, among others. Muslims are encouraged to emulate Muhammad's actions in their daily lives and the Sunnah is seen as crucial to guiding interpretation of the Quran. Hadith Qudsi is a sub- category of hadith, regarded as verbatim words of God quoted by Muhammad but is not part of the Quran. A hadith involves two elements- a chain of narrators, called sanad, and the actual wording, called matn.
Hadiths can be classified, by studying the narration, as . They believe the time of Qiy. The trials and tribulations preceding and during the Qiy. The Quran emphasizes bodily resurrection, a break from the pre- Islamic Arabian understanding of death. Good deeds, such as charity, prayer and compassion towards animals. Muslims view heaven as a place of joy and bliss, with Qur. Mystical traditions in Islam place these heavenly delights in the context of an ecstatic awareness of God.
Everything, good and bad, is believed to have been decreed. The Quran presents them as a framework for worship and a sign of commitment to the faith. They are (1) the creed (shahadah), (2) daily prayers (salat), (3) almsgiving (zakah), (4) fasting during Ramadan, and (5) the pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj) at least once in a lifetime. Notable among them are charity (Sadaqah) and recitation of the Quran. Testimony. The Shahadah. Muslims must repeat the shahadah in prayer, and non- Muslims wishing to convert to Islam are required to recite the creed.
Salat is intended to focus the mind on God, and is seen as a personal communication with him that expresses gratitude and worship. Salat is compulsory but flexibility in the specifics is allowed depending on circumstances.
The prayers are recited in the Arabic language, and consist of verses from the Quran. The word mosque in English refers to all types of buildings dedicated to Islamic worship, although there is a distinction in Arabic between the smaller, privately owned mosque and the larger, . In Medina, Al- Masjid al- Nabawi, or the Prophet's Mosque, was also a place of refuge for the poor.
Conservative estimates of annual zakat is estimated to be 1. One of the early teachings of Muhammad was that God expects men to be generous with their wealth and not to be miserly (Quran 1.
The fast is to encourage a feeling of nearness to God, and during it Muslims should express their gratitude for and dependence on him, atone for their past sins, and think of the needy. Sawm is not obligatory for several groups for whom it would constitute an undue burden. For others, flexibility is allowed depending on circumstances, but missed fasts usually must be made up quickly. Every able- bodied Muslim who can afford it must make the pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in his or her lifetime. Rituals of the Hajj include: spending a day and a night in the tents in the desert plain of Mina, then a day in the desert plain of Arafat praying and worshiping God, following the foot steps of Abraham; then spending a night out in the open, sleeping on the desert sand in the desert plain of Muzdalifah; then moving to Jamarat, symbolically stoning the Devil recounting Abraham's actions. Reciting the Quran in the correct manner has been described as an excellent act of worship. The methods of jurisprudence used are known as usul al- fiqh (.
Much of it has evolved with the objective to prevent innovation or alteration in the original religion, known as bid. Four fundamental evidence, codified by ash- Shafi'i, used are, in order of precedence: the Quran, the Hadith (the practice of Muhammad), the consensus of the Muslim jurists (ijma), and analogical reasoning (qiyas). Rulings over actions can be categorized as those that are obligatory (fardh) recommendanded (mustahabb), permissible (mubah), not recommended (makrooh) and prohibited (haraam). The Quran set the rights, the responsibilities and the rules for people and for societies to adhere to. Muhammad provided an example, which is recorded in the hadith books, showing how he practically implemented those rules in a society. Many of the Sharia laws that differ are devised through Ijtihad where there is no such ruling in the Quran or the Hadiths of Islamic prophet Muhammad regarding a similar case.
If the population felt comfortable with it, it was just and they used Ijtihad to deduce that it did not conflict with the Quran or the Hadith. This made it easier for the different communities to integrate into the Islamic State and that assisted in the quick expansion of the Islamic State. Islamic law covers all aspects of life, from matters of state, like governance and foreign relations, to issues of daily living. The Quran defines hudud as the punishments for five specific crimes: unlawful intercourse, false accusation of unlawful intercourse, consumption of alcohol, theft, and highway robbery. The Quran and Sunnah also contain laws of inheritance, marriage, and restitution for injuries and murder, as well as rules for fasting, charity, and prayer. Scholars. Islam, like Judaism, has no clergy in the sacerdotal sense, such as priests who mediate between God and people.
However, there are many terms in Islam to refer to religiously sanctioned positions of Islam. In the broadest sense, the term ulema (Arabic: . A jurist who interprets Islamic law is called a mufti (Arabic: . A scholar of jurisprudence is called a faqih (Arabic: . Someone who studies the science of hadith is called a muhaddith. A qadi is a judge in an Islamic court. Honorific titles given to scholars include shiekh, mullah and maulvi.
The four major Sunni schools are the Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i, Hanbali and sometimes . Each differ in their methodology, called Usul al- fiqh. The following of decisions by a religious expert without necessarily examining the decision's reasoning is called taqlid. The term ghair muqallid literally refers to those who do not use taqlid and by extension do not have a madhab. This includes greeting others with . Islamic hygienic practices mainly fall into the category of personal cleanliness and health. Circumcision of male offspring is also practiced in Islam.
Islamic burial rituals include saying the Salat al- Janazah (. Muslims are restricted in their diet. Prohibited foods include pork products, blood, carrion, and alcohol.
All meat must come from a herbivorous animal slaughtered in the name of God by a Muslim, Jew, or Christian, with the exception of game that one has hunted or fished for oneself. Food permissible for Muslims is known as halal food. The father is seen as financially responsible for his family, and is obliged to cater for their well- being. The division of inheritance is specified in the Quran, which states that most of it is to pass to the immediate family, while a portion is set aside for the payment of debts and the making of bequests. The woman's share of inheritance is generally half of that of a man with the same rights of succession. The groom is required to pay a bridal gift (mahr) to the bride, as stipulated in the contract.